Romanesque and Gothic Architecture Similarities

Romanesque and Gothic Architecture Similarities Romanesque architecture between 800 and 1150AD was popular in Western Europe which then rose to the gothic style. Pre-Romanesque style developed by using elements of roman design in the Christian churches in the states of Western Europe. By the end of the pre-Romanesque period Roman elements had fused with Byzantium elements from the Middle East, these influences became known as the Romanesque, meaning in the manner of Rome. The appearance of the Romanesque style was multi storey entrance facades of geometric appearance buildings. Stone was a very popular material used in the buildings. Huge vaults and arches was one of the main characteristics of the time. Masonry vaulting since the beginning of Christian architecture had only been used in buildings of relatively small scale. Romanesque churches, on the other hand, sustained massive barrel vaults, making it compulsory to reinforce the load-bearing walls in order to carry the lateral outward thrust. The frequent presence of galleries above the aisles, sometimes with half-barrel vaults, is in all probability rooted in structural considerations connected with the problem of abutment. The use of wall openings to a minimum, due to the same concern, contributed to the sober yet soberly impressive character of the light. Each individual building has a clearly definite form which often consists of very regular and symmetrical plans so the overall appearance is known as a form of simplicity. Romanesque architecture mainly depends on its walls which are known as piers. Piers are sections of the wall that appear mostly at the intersection of two large arches, which are those crossing under the nave and the transept which is always in a circular shape, each arch is supported on its own supporting rectangular pier which is found at each right angle. Most of the buildings are mostly made from wooden roofs, mostly of a simple truss, tie beam or king post form. When the case of trussed rafter roofs occurs they will then be lined with wooden ceilings. The most important feature of Romanesque churches was the towers. Romanesque church facades were always built to face the west end of the building and are usually symmetrical and has a large central doorway made mostly by its moldings or porch and a arrangement of arched-topped windows which can be seen above the doorway. In Italy there is a single central ocular window which is most probably known a s the most common decorative feature, as well as the arcading. One of the most important structural developments of the Romanesque era was the vault. Originally intended as an alternative to fire prone wooden roofs, vaults became a major innovation in architectural features. The cross vault was used throughout Europe even though it was heavy and difficult to construct so thus it was replaced with the rib and panel vault. The Church I chose the SantAmbrogio was originally built during the 4th Century but was excavated beneath the existing building. With the west facing faà §ade, the use of vaulting is clearly seen throughout the church, down either side of the isle and leading to the nave. Although stone is not the main material used it can be seen in certain aspects of the church. The large central portal includes carvings. Gothic architecture, known at the time as the French style, started in the first half of the 12th century and continued well into the 16th century. Gothic architecture was made up from the previous architectural genre, Romanesque. For the most important part, there was no difference between the two, as there was later to be in Renaissance Florence with the sudden restoration of the Classical style by Brunelleschiwhich came from the early 15thcentury. Eventually Gothic architecture was brought south to Italy by the French. The characteristics of Gothic Style features include those of the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress traceried windows. The thin walls, slender columns, and the very large areas of glass in Gothic buildings gave an impression of lightness. It consisted of a central nave flanked by aisles, with or without transept, and was finished by a choir surrounded by an ambulatory with chapels. The ribs which held up the vaults were aligned to make a pattern of a diamond on the ceilings. These elements were however no longer treated as single units but were properly integrated within a joined spatial scheme. The exterior view was mostly dominated by the twin towers. The facade was pierced by doorways often decorated with varies sculptures and at a higher level appeared a central stained glass rose window. Due to the outward pressure of the vaults there became a need for buttresses. Windows were very important in the churches. Each stained glass had a message in it which was t aken from a bible piece to pass across a message. Gothic architecture is unique in many different ways but mostly by its use of materials. Regional influences played a huge role in the design variations and preferences for the different building materials. While in France the most common materials used were limestone, England witnessed a great use of red sandstone and coarse limestone with marble which was known as Purbeck architectural features. Similarly, while in Northern Germany and the Baltic nations, the tradition was that of mainly using bricks, in Italy, the most preferred material was marble. Timber was also one of the materials used, which is seen in the hammer-beam ceilings and rafters. Some of the structural innovations included, the use of a reinforcing block or wall of masonry adding support to the great vaults arches. Moulded or otherwise decorated band or series of bands around an opening of an arch. Supportive arch constructed within a wall, often above an architrave, serving to absorb weight upon a passageway or portal below. Notre dame in Paris is one of the finest examples of churches in the gothic period. Its sculptures and stained glass show the heavy influence of naturalism. It was among the first buildings in the world to use the flying buttress. The building was not originally designed to include the flying buttresses around the choir and nave. After the construction began and the thinner walls grew ever higher, stress fractures began to occur as the walls pushed outward. In response, the cathedrals architects built supports around the outside walls, and later additions continued as such. Also the front having two towers popular of gothic style as well as the popular central stained glass rose window. Romanesque and Gothic Architecture is very similar in many forms, even though they are very similar in many aspects they also have their own characteristics. Gothic Architecture did get most of its forms from the Romanesque area, things like vaults and arches although they were evolved to be used in gothic buildings. Similarities between gothic and Romanesque includes the use of the arch, which was first seen in the Romanesque churches throughout Europe and then later in gothic buildings, but had been adjusted to a more pointed arch compared to the rounded Romanesque form. Another form found both in Romanesque and gothic architecture is the towers although very irregular in Romanesque they were a form of asymmetrical balance in Gothic architecture. Also the use of stone as a material was also started during the Romanesque period and continued into the gothic time such as timber used for the roof trusses. Another feature would be the use of columns, used in both types of architecture they were changed from the Romanesque to gothic. The multi story Facades were used in both Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Vaulting used during these periods were started with the rib and panel vault in the gothic period but then perfected during the gothic period with the split vault. The rose or wheel windows st arted making an appearance in during Romanesque time but the final central rose window was perfected above the main entrance door usually facing to the west (started during Romanesque) during the gothic period. Each of these eras had their own structural innovations that changed the way architects and builders designed and built the buildings and most can even be seen in architecture today. One of the most important being the vault created during the Romanesque time but altered and perfected during the gothic period. The gothic period brought the use of Masonry in walls to create support in the vaults and arches.Romanesque was designed to be more for protective purposes than for any aesthetic quality, as gothic cathedrals. Monasteries housed the relics of saints, and during the Romanesque period the cult of relics became a major cultural factor influencing architecture. Gothic style has three main characteristics that make it its own unique style: highness, vertical lines and flying buttresses. Romanesque buildings were solid, heavy because of the thick walls, and, as a result of the comparatively small windows, dimly lighted. They had a heavy frame structure. Gothic cathedrals were built w ith a slender skeleton, made up with pointed arches and flying buttresses, which gives impressions of harmony and luminosity.

My walk with the Lord

I realized I needed the Lord as a teenager. Because I grew up in a Christian home, and went to church on a regular basis, I never really experienced that close and personal relationship with the Lord. It wasn’t until I was in high school that I grew close to Christ. My father fought stomach cancer for two years, and the three months he spent at home with our family taught me to rely on God for everything. It was only through prayer and reading Bible passages that I was able to be strong as my father passed away. This was a tumultuous period for me; I was begging God for more time with my father, and praying for Him to ease my father’s pain. Instead of God healing my father, he showed me that Jesus is alive and with us. I was desperate to walk with Jesus Christ, and He helped me to see that He was with my father and my family. I always understood that Jesus is our Savior, yet I didn’t truly believe that He is alive in our heart, until my father’s illness. That was when I felt the promise that He would always listen to my prayers and be with me. The Spirit guided me through my prayers during different times, especially during my junior year in high school. I have faith in eternal life and a strong conviction that I could never obtain through education, but only by experience in Jesus Christ. As a result, I have decided I will do whatever God leads me to do until the day I get to meet my father in heaven. I now truly understand the principles and ideas being taught in my church, and I have begun applying them to my own life. I have learned that every good gift and every perfect gift is from above (James 1:17) and also that if I ask, it shall be given; seek, and I shall find; knock and it shall be opened. (Matthew 7:7). These lessons, although filled with a joyful promise, have not always come easy. There have been times I have prayed so much for something, to have it not happen or to not be fulfilled. It has taken many years to understand that The Lord’s path is the right path, and my way is not always what is best for me. Often times, however, I have been able to see God’s plan for me, after the fact, and was thankful that e is in control of my life. Any problems or questions I find in my life, I have learned that I can turn to the scriptures for the answers, like a handbook for life. I also know that the Lord is with me at all times. Like in Psalms 23, probably one of the most well-known verses, I know that The Lord is my Shepard, and I shall not want. And Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me. In times of solitude or despair, I have taken comfort from this passage. My walk with The Lord is a constant journey. Each day I learn more and trust in His grace further. Although at times it is hard to trust in the unknown, I have put all of my heart into Him, and I know that He will provide for me. Because I realize this, I hope to help others to also understand and come to know Jesus. He has said, in Luke 16:15-16, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature. He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned. I want to live my life for Christ. I want others to see His good works through me. I want to continue to grow in His Almighty grace and spirit. I want to help unbelievers experience the incredible rock that I have found to help me through good times and bad, and to know the one I call Jesus.

Research Essay on Occupy Wall St. - 3599 Words

Occupy Wall Street: The Solution to the Collapse of the Economy? In October of 2008 Congress, passed a $700 billion rescue bill to bail out, and possibly save, the doomed U.S. and global financial systems from collapsing. This decision was only a piece to the $1 trillion government plan to level off the stock market and unfreeze the credit which was needed after the collapses of the financial institutions of Lehman Brothers and Washington Mutual. The government also stepped in and federally took over such institutions as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which together hold about $5.4 trillion in mortgage loans; 45 percent of the national total. The governmental firms were heavily burdened because of bad investments in subprime mortgages and†¦show more content†¦Government regulators could have added to the crisis as well. It is believed that the 1999 repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act, which split commercial banking from investment activities, could have caused the crisis. Other ex perts say that the 2000 Commodity Futures Modernization Act, which prohibited regulation of most swaps was afactor. Another decision under examination is the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) decision to loosen the capital rules for brokerage units of investment banks which freed billions of dollars for investments in mortgage backed securities, credit derivatives and others. (Billitteri) A lot of people don’t realize what is actually going on in the world or even our own country and never care to read the newspaper or listen to the 5 o’ clock news. There may be issues with the community or through businesses but when it comes down to it there are bigger problems like 1% of the U.S. population makes 20% of the wealth in our country. On July 13th, 2011 the company, Adbusters’ Magazine sent out a call for 90,000 with hashtags, from the website Twitter, of â€Å"#OccupyWallStreet† and a date of September 17th, 2011.The Occupy Wall Street movement was halfway through what is called a â€Å"revolutionary year† organized by cyber activists in the United States. Hactivists of the group â€Å"Anonymous† signed on, posting menacing videos and flooding social mediaShow MoreRelatedRethinking Work Ethic For The Age Of Convergence2191 Words   |  9 Pagesfuture study. For the purposes of this essay, it is enough to stipulate at the outse t that the work ethic is a â€Å"cultural norm that places a positive moral value on doing a good job and is based on a belief that work has intrinsic value for its own sake.† Unprecedented technological change and the globalization it facilitates present a significant challenge to our long-held beliefs about the Protestant work ethic. 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Essay about Psychological Profile of Elvis Presley

Analysis of Elvis Presley Deborah Cantin Colorado Technical University Partially Resubmitted From Phases 1, 2, 3, 4 IPs Abstract This paper covers a brief biographical and psychological profile that explores the subject’s childhood, work, personal life, lifetime accomplishments, and philosophy. In addition, I will discuss his inner perspectives using the Cognitive Perspective to describe the two aspects of Mr. Presley’s behavior. I will also discuss his MBTI ® Type along with examples to explain my interpretation. His Psychosocial developmental stages examined through his Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, and Adult hood. We examine these stages using Erick Erickson’s work. His youth compared to Kohlberg’s work on Moral Reasoning†¦show more content†¦Elvis loved his Graceland home. His gravesite located in the Meditation Garden on Graceland’s grounds. The Meditation Garden is fitting for the King’s final resting place. It is here that Elvis loved to meditate and contemplate his spiritual side. Graceland draws millions of tourists each year from all over the World. Elvis’ beliefs demonstrated that he loved people. He gave expensive gifts to his staff and loved ones, such as cars and homes. His spiritual beliefs stayed with him throughout his life. Elvis constantly searched, for the meaning of life and truth. This quest for knowledge inspired him to read several books, and earnestly seek out spiritual mentors. Gospel music played a large role in developing Elvis’ passion for music and spirituality. Every rehearsal session began and ended with a Gospel song or two. â€Å"Cognitive Psychology revolves around the notion that if we need to know what makes people tick; then figure out which processes are going on in their minds. Psychologist theorized, from this study, that cognition is a mental act or process by which information exists, (McLeod, 2012). Erik Erickson believed that people develop in the context of their environments, with the forces of society exerting strong influences on the social world of people in all pla ces of the development, (Board, 2012, pp. 95, 96). The psychobiography of Elvis directly relates to the different stages of Erickson’s cognitive theory, which includes distinct stages likeShow MoreRelatedBrand and Pepsi3309 Words   |  14 Pageschoose to consume a Pepsi beverage instead which indicates their satisfaction is fulfilled by a want for this particular beverage. 3.1 Motivation Pepsi appeals to two types of needs within a consumer. The first is the biogenic need which is the psychological utilitarian need of thirst which can be seen as the lowest level of the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs (Fig 2). Pepsi however seeks to satisfy the higher level needs such as hedonic needs, ego needs and self actualization. Therefore Pepsi understandsRead MoreHippies and the Revolution of a Culture3124 Words   |  13 Pagesindividual consciousness. The immediate precursor to the hippies was the so-called Beat Generation of the late 1950s, including the poet Allen Ginsberg, who became a hippie hero. But where the coolly intellectual, black-clad beats tended to keep a low profile and stay out of politics, the hippies were known as much for their political outspokenness as for their long hair and colorful psychedelic clothing. Their opposition to the Vietnam War became one of the most significant aspects of the growing antiwarRead MoreComment on How Changes in Macro and Market En vironment Forces Impact on the Level of Competition in an Industry.18606 Words   |  75 Pageswholesale distribution of cigarettes in Italy. AAMS was protecting its own sales by imposing restrictive distribution contracts on foreign manufacturers, which limited the access of foreign cigarettes to the Italian market.4 However, the most high-proï ¬ le case is that against Microsoft, which was ï ¬ ned  £340 million for its alleged misuse of its near monopoly in operating systems to squeeze out rivals by bundling Media Player into the Windows operating system.5 This was Abuse of market dominance

The Death of Nelson Mandela and the Asian Tsunami Essay

Table of contents Introduction........................................................................................................1 Local media spectacle........................................................................................2 Global Media spectacle......................................................................................5 List of illustrations.............................................................................................7 Bibliography......................................................................................................8 Plagiarism Report..............................................................................................9 Introduction My†¦show more content†¦The day he died brought the whole world to a stand still which signifies the power and the effect that this man had on the world. I will be discussing a few media institutes reflecting their findings and presenting it to the public. The first media source I researched was CNN World, the headline reads â€Å" Nelson Mandela, anti-apartheid icon and father of South Africa, dies.† This headline has summed him up reflecting the person he was and the power he held in the worlds eyes. CNN highlight the facts that he was a freedom fighter, prisoner and a moral compass to his own people and the world. After spending 27 years in prison he forgave the white government that imprisoned him and negotiated peace, leaving behind his bitterness and hatred, this approach inspired the world that apartheid was a thing of the past. CNN analyses Mandelas life to be positive in all areas beneficial to the country and the world. It touched on Nelson being considered as a hero to all races, a father figure and a global ambassador. His influence stopped a civil war in 1994 which could have been the bloodiest war on racial grounds. CNN highlighted that the nation was on edge as his last appearance in public was at the 2010 World Cup in SA and from then became frequently hospitalised, presenting Zuma to step in each time he felt sick. CNN captured Mandelas full life in stages of significance, reflecting a positive outlook in the hero that he was and a down to earth normal person with imperfectionsShow MoreRelatedInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesfall of communism in Eastern Europe, he has been actively involved in management education programs sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International Development in Albania and Macedonia, and in U.S. Information Agency programs involving the Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. For example, Professor Luthans’ recent international research involves his c onstruct of positive psychological capital (PsyCap). He and colleagues have published their research demonstrating theRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesfor Managers 296 S A L Self-Assessment Library Do I Have a Negative Attitude Toward Working in Groups? 272 Self-Assessment Library Do I Trust Others? 280 glOBalization! Forming International Teams in a Virtual World 291 Myth or Science? â€Å"Asians Have Less Ingroup Bias Than Americans† 292 An Ethical Choice Should You Use Group Peer Pressure? 294 Point/Counterpoint Affinity Groups Fuel Business Success 298 Questions for Review 297 Experiential Exercise Wilderness Survival 299 Ethical Dilemma

Mariono Blanch Autobiography Free Essays

Hi, I’m Mariono im 15 years old and during my 15 years of existence I’ve learned many things I’ve also experienced many things, but I also have surrounded my beliefs around things I was taught. The one major thing that I go by which I call a belief is expressing your feelings and not holding them in ask for help if you need it. I say this because I had to learn the hard way and hurting others while learning. We will write a custom essay sample on Mariono Blanch Autobiography or any similar topic only for you Order Now My mom is a single parent she is also flight attendant so she travels a lot and I didn’t really have a male figure in my life because my father left when I was younger so I had a lot of anger in me and I never really said anything. I wouldn’t say that I had an attitude but it was like I was mad at the world I felt like I was being punished for nothing so as I got older people would bring up my situation more and more. They would ask me questions like are you okay? Are you happy? Should we talk about it? Then I would be dishonest because I was so determined that I was going to keep a motto me, myself and I. I also would get jealous sometimes when I saw happy families together because that feeling turned me kind of bitter. As my teen years started to come the more accomplishments I achieved the more angry I got because I wanted that father and son bond time. It started to affect me a lot I started to think different in school, lashing out at people for nothing so of course people started to notice the difference in me. Then people started offering me help and some I didn’t even know so then I stopped talking a lot and one day me and my mom had a disagreement about a box of cereal and then my body just let go and I snapped. It was like I couldn’t control myself I was letting so much out over something so small and once I cooled down I sat down and thought about it and I thought to myself I can’t live like this. So I ask my mom for some changes so now I live with a full figure family a little bother a little sister and I have a dad to talk to and now I can release myself. Sometimes I will think about my past and the choices I made and how I grew up and when I do I just simply talk to someone without being afraid of being judged. I try to spread and help people with my belief as much as I can and I just want to close out by saying your body is like a temple it’s a certain amount of everything it can take before a reaction come out so you should try to take care of it as much as possible don’t leave stress in anger and you ask for help then release it. How to cite Mariono Blanch Autobiography, Papers

Business Case Analysis Memo Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Case Analysis Memo. Answer: The following memo is an analysis of social media strategy a case study of First National Bank (FNB) of South Africa. FNB is the oldest bank in South Africa and has it origin in Eastern Province Bank that was started in Grahamstown in 1838. The bank is amongst the top four banks in South Africa in terms of customers and assets. The bank is Michael Jordaan as the CEO and Lana Strydon as head of digital marketing and media. The memo will analyze social media strategy benefits and what should be considered when formulating and implementing social media strategy. This will involve discussing how FNB use digital and social media, benefits realized from investing in social media strategy, and lessons learnt from the bank experience in developing and implementing social media strategy. The memo will also identify important factors to be considered by organizations using social media to communicate to customers. First National Bank has used digital and social media in several ways to engage with its customers. First, FNB enabled its customers to make some transactions using Facebook. The bank enabled customers to link their Cellphone banking account with their social media profiles. Customers are then able to access their bank accounts from the FNB banking application on Facebook. This digital development enabled customers to check their account balances, and purchase prepaid products such as SMS bundles, airtime, and view Powerball and Lotto results. Second, the bank launched educational series on YouTube. The FNB created YouTube videos to educate people about fundamental principles in finance. The videos focused on teaching people the importance of saving, how to save, and creating a budget to minimize spending. This social media interaction and information sharing enlightened people to became banks customers. Third, the bank uses a banking app to engage with customers. FNB was the first S outh African Bank to create a banking app. The banking app enable customers to make transactions such as account transfers, updates, check balances, apply for loans, create saving plan, and enable customer care support. FNB also uses dotFNB stores. The dotFNB stores provide customers with self service banking digital platform. Customers are provided with virtual environment that enable video conferencing with experts from the banks. Therefore, FNB has widely used digital and social media to engage with it customers by launching unique products setting trends in digital marketing. FNB has benefited from social media strategy in several ways. First, the social media strategy enabled FNB to do low cost marketing. Social media marketing enabled FNB to create brand awareness to people on social media. Social media marketing also enabled the bank to inform customers and potential customers about their products. The bank was able to reach up to 1.4 million people on Facebook on a single post approximately 700000 people on Twitter per month. Secondly, the social media strategy enabled the bank to increase its sales. Potential customers were reached and there was increase in number of account opening and product buying. There were more than 10999 accounts that were opened from adverting on social media. Thirdly, the FNB was able to support customers. The social media strategy enabled the bank to increase customer loyalty and trust through customer support. This has been done through use of social media to educate, receive feedback, advice, and address complaints. The bank was able to present itself as trustworthy, approachable, and likeable to the society. The FNB social media strategy also enabled the bank to develop sustainable relationships with customers (Tuten, and Solomon, 2014). The bank was easily reachable by customers. The relationship enabled deep understanding between the bank and the customers. Therefore, FNB social media strategy has benefited FNB bank in creating a higher level engagement that has increase customer base, loyalty and returns to the organization. From FNB development and implementation of social media strategy, several lessons are evident to increase the success of a social media strategy. First, an organization has to set a clear goal when investing in social media. Setting of a social media goal before investing in a social media strategy enables to determine what resources and social media to invest in (Rootman, and Cupp, 2016). Secondly, organizations should focus on creating value to people rather than just advertising and promoting products on social media. Organization should focus in providing content that is beneficial to social media people instead of posting promotional messages (Lewis, Tigist, and van Vuuren, 2013). This attracts people creating a relationship that are then turned to customers. Thirdly, the organization should build relationships by understanding customers needs. Building a relationship with customers enabled the organization develop and implement social media strategy that aligned content to supp ort customers needs. It is also important to assess the social media that the organization is about to invest in. This ensures that an organization invests in social media where its potential customers are (Trainor et al., 2014). Organizations should consider several factors when using social media to communicate with customers. First, an organization should consider its goals to investing in social media marketing. The goal determines the social media that the organization will invest in and the content to post. Secondly, organization should consider the number of people in a certain social media before using it to communicate with customers. Considering the number of people enables an organization predetermine resources needed and returns expected. Organizations should also consider the content that they post on a social media. The content posted is important in attracting, informing, or persuading people to buy from an organization (Ashley, and Tuten, 2015). An organization should carefully consider content in order to create a high level engaging content with customers. In summary, FNB was able to successfully formulate and implement an effective social medial strategy. FNB investment to digital and social media marketing has enabled strengthening of FNB brand and building ongoing relationship with customers. The lessons from FNB social media strategy is that the focus should be on the goal to invest, building relationships and deepening customer needs understanding to enhance engagement. Therefore, organizations should consider the social media goal of investing, number of people in a social media and content to be shared in a specific social media when using social media to communicate with customers. References Ashley, C. and Tuten, T., 2015. Creative strategies in social media marketing: An exploratory study of branded social content and consumer engagement. Psychology Marketing, 32(1), pp.15-27. Lewis, D., Tigist, S.H. and van Vuuren, M., 2013. Exploring new media technologies among young South African Women. Rootman, C. and Cupp, M.N., 2016. The impact of social media on customer satisfaction and retention in the banking industry: views of clients and managers. Trainor, K.J., Andzulis, J.M., Rapp, A. and Agnihotri, R., 2014. Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM. Journal of Business Research, 67(6), pp.1201-1208. Tuten, T.L. and Solomon, M.R., 2014. Social media marketing. Sage.